Publications
Carmen Meinert (ed.): Buddha in the Yurt. Buddhist art from Mongolia
Buddhist art became an integral part of the life of the Buddhist believer when Tantric Buddhism first reached Mongolia in the 17th century. Not only images of Buddha moved through the pasturelands along with the nomads, but also numerous refined images of arhats, Tibetan masters, Indian siddhas, bodhisattvas and personal and protective deities.
This volume, published in both English-Russian and German-Mongolian editions, presents a selection of exquisite objects from a unique private collection of Mongolian art and reflects the broad scope of artistic influences ranging from those of Tibet to the Manchurian Qing Dynasty in China. The rich descriptions of the icons introduce the reader to the wide field of Buddhist iconography and thus provide a deeper understanding of the rich symbolism of the Tantric Buddhist tradition.
Carmen Meinert (ed.): Buddha in the Yurt. Buddhist art from Mongolia, München: Hirmer 2011.
Ana Echevarria: The city of the three mosques: Ávila and its Muslims in the Middle Ages
This book troubles the traditional treatment of Muslims living under Christian rule in Iberia, traditionally dubbed “Mudejars,” as marginal in both medieval Christian and Muslim society. Focusing on Avila, for which uniquely complete records exist for the Muslim community from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries, it is argued that the Muslims of Christian Avila were both deeply emeshed in Islamic culture throughout this period and integral members of the predominantly Christian city in which they lived. This monograph explores the processes of adaption and resistance in which Muslims engaged in order to maintain this balance in the face of the ever changing dynamics of Muslim-Christian relations within the wider medieval, and specifically, Iberian, world.
Ana Echevarria: The city of the three mosques: Ávila and its Muslims in the Middle Ages, Wiesbaden: Dr. L. Reichert Verlag 2011.
Achim Lichtenberger: Severus Pius Augustus. Studien zur sakralen Repräsentation und Rezeption der Herrschaft des Septimius Severus und seiner Familie (193-211 n. Chr.)
The Roman Emperor Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.) originated from the North-African town of Lepcis Magna. His reign is seen as a time in which profound changes within Roman society became evident resulting in many provincials achieving important positions in the Roman state. The book examines this development from the perspective of a possible use of the non-Italian home and deities of the Emperor within Imperial iconographics. Important evidence for that are the native deities propagated by the Emperor. The book further discusses the relationship of Severus towards Roman gods and a possible sacralisation of the Emperor which might suggest changing attitudes towards the Emperor. The latter however has to be critically assessed and asked who was responsible for certain images. Was it the Imperial house or were it other groups?
Achim Lichtenberger: Severus Pius Augustus. Studien zur sakralen Repräsentation und Rezeption der Herrschaft des Septimius Severus und seiner Familie (193-211 n. Chr.), Leiden: Brill 2011.
Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert (eds.): Integration - Segregation - Vertreibung. Religiöse Minderheiten und Randgruppen auf der Iberischen Halbinsel (7.-17. Jahrhundert)

Jüngere gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen und das aus ihnen resultierende wissenschaftliche Interesse an der Geschichte interkultureller und interreligiöser Beziehungen haben der Frage nach dem Umgang mit Minderheiten gesteigerte Relevanz verliehen. Das Mittelalter wird zunehmend als eine Epoche wahrgenommen, in der nicht nur heute drängende Probleme zwischen den großen monotheistischen Religionen Europas auftraten und ihre spezifische Prägung erfuhren, sondern auch Versuche zur Regelung oder Lösung dieser Spannungslagen unternommen wurden. Der Iberischen Halbinsel kommt in bei diesen Prozessen eine besondere Bedeutung zu, wie die vorliegenden Beiträge einer internationalen Tagung zeigen. Sie eröffnen Perspektiven auf ein grundlegendes Thema der europäischen Geschichte und bündeln zugleich die breite spanischsprachige Forschung der letzten Jahre, die im deutschsprachigen Raum oftmals nicht hinreichend zur Kenntnis genommen worden ist.
Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert (eds.): Integration - Segregation - Vertreibung. Religiöse Minderheiten und Randgruppen auf der Iberischen Halbinsel (7.-17. Jahrhundert), Berlin et al.: LIT Verlag 2011.
Christian Frevel (ed.): Mixed Marriages. Intermarriage and Group Identity in the Second Temple Period
The volume reflects the recent debate on intermarriage and its implications for group identity in the formative phase of Judaism. Intermarriage and group identity in the Second Temple Period will be investigated from different points of view with regard to methodology and analyzed texts. With an introduction to the history of research and a summarizing final section, the individual contributions will be associated with the larger context of the recent debate. Thus not only the diversity of texts on mixed marriage within the Hebrew Bible and related scripture will be shown and emphasized but the question of continuity and discontinuity as well as the socio-historical background of marriage restrictions will be dealt with, too. Covering a wide range of texts from almost every part of the "Hebrew Bible" as well as from "Elephantine", "Qumran" and several pseudepigrapha, like "Jubilees", its focus is on possible counter texts with a more positive notion of foreign wives, in addition to restrictive and prohibitive texts. These different approaches will illuminate the dynamics of the construction of group identity, culminating in conflicts concerning separation and integration which can be found in the debate on the topic of the "correct" marriage. Over the last 30 years this pioneering series has established an unrivaled reputation for cutting-edge international scholarship in Biblical Studies and has attracted leading authors and editors in the field. The series takes many original and creative approaches to its subjects, including innovative work from historical and theological perspectives, social-scientific and literary theory, and more recent developments in cultural studies and reception history.
Christian Frevel (ed.): Mixed Marriages. Intermarriage and Groupe Identity in the Second Temple Period, London: T&T Publisher 2001.
Georg Simmel and Volkhard Krech: Die Religion

Als sechster Band der Neu-Edition der Reihe "Die Gesellschaft", ursprünglich von Martin Buber herausgegeben, wird hier der Band "Die Religion" vorgelegt: 1906 von Georg Simmel verfasst, erfuhr dieser Band 1912 eine erweiterte Neuauflage. 2010 wird diese zweite Fassung nun von Volkhard Krech kommentiert. Georg Simmel (1858 ? 1918), Philosoph und Soziologe, als jüngstes von sieben Kindern eines gescheiterten Berliner Fabrikanten geboren, war zeitlebens ein Grenzgänger in der akademischen Welt: Sowohl seine Promotion wie auch seine Habilitation, schließlich sogar seine Probevorlesung scheiterten in Berlin im ersten Anlauf ? die Diskrepanzen zu den Vorstellungen seiner akademischen Lehrer waren zu groß. Berufungen auf einen Lehrstuhl nach Heidelberg wurden durch antisemitisch gefärbte Stellungnahmen zunichte gemacht. Der Neid der Fachkollegen auf den Erfolg des rhetorisch hoch begabten Simmel nicht nur in der akademischen Welt mag die Ablehnung weiter genährt haben. Erst 1914 erhielt Simmel einen Lehrstuhl an der Universität Straßburg. Simmel kann als Mitbegründer der Soziologie und der Sozialpsychologie angesehen werden. "In seiner Religionsphilosophie und -soziologie lehrte er, dass die Kritik keinen einzigen Inhalt der historischen Religionen bestehen lässt, aber die Religion selbst nicht trifft. Religion ist für Simmel ein Sein der religiösen Seele, eine a priori formende Funktion, und deshalb so wenig zu widerlegen, wie das Sein selbst. Dieses Sein oder diese Funktion, aber nicht der von diesen erst vorstellungsmäßig gebildete Glaubensinhalt, ist für ihn der alleinige Träger des religiös-metaphysischen Wertes." (BBKL)
Georg Simmel and Volkhard Krech, Die Religion, Marburg: Metropolis 2011.
Damien Janos: Method, Structure and Development in al-Fārābī's Cosmology

This study by our former visiting fellow Damien Janos is the first monograph devoted exclusively to al-Fārābī's cosmology and provides a new interpretation of this thinker's philosophical development through an analysis of the Greek and Arabic sources and a contextualization of his life and thought in the cultural and intellectual milieu of his time. It discusses key cosmological and metaphysical concepts articulated in his works, with a special focus on celestial causation, intellection, and motion. This book also examines al-Fārābī's cosmological method and particularly the connection between astronomy, physics, and metaphysics. The result is a reassessment of al-Fārābī's cosmology vis-à-vis late-antique Greek philosophical trends and a clearer understanding of how it creatively adapted and transformed this legacy to establish a new cosmological paradigm in Arabic thought.
Damien Janos, Method, Structure, and Development in al-Fārābī’s Cosmology (Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies 85), Leiden: Brill, 2012.
Lucia Dolce (ed.): Japanese Religions

This set, as a collection of representative studies on Japanese Religions, illustrates the diversity and complexity of the Japanese religious experience, past and contemporary, while at the same time offering an overview of the most updated research in the field. The themes selected promote avenues of analysis that place the religious phenomenon in its socio-historical and cultural context. The selection demonstrates the range of religious practices and the contexts in which these practices are performed, with the aim of counterbalancing the traditional foci on either theological (doctrinal) studies or ethnographic studies only.
This collection affords a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the nature and practice of Japanese religiosity. The framework in which the material is presented also offers an alternative to the usual chronological organization of works on Japanese religions, and to traditional arrangements of works on East Asian religions in general according to the categories of Buddhism, Confucianism, Shinto and Christianity. Although these traditional approaches are covered in the first volume, the set as a whole stresses the practice of religion, which stretches across traditions and denominations, and the pre-modern/modern divide.
Lucia Dolce (ed.), Japanese Religions. 4 vols, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 2011.
Volkhard Krech and Marion Steinicke (eds.): Dynamics in the History of Religions between Asia and Europe

This first volume of our series with Brill 'Dynamics in the History of Religions' reviews the opening conference of the Käte Hamburger Kolleg at the Ruhr-University Bochum. The first section concentrates on the formation of what later came to be termed "world religions" through inter-religious contact, the second part focuses on the significance of interreligious contacts also during their expansive phase. Methodological problems of multi-perspective research and especially the lack of a general religious terminology are discussed in the third chapter, while the final papers outline various aspects of secularization and (re-)sacralisation in the age of globalisation as an effect of multicultural contacts in a world wide web of religious interferences.
Volkhard Krech and Marion Steinicke (eds.), Dynamics in the History of Religions between Asia and Europe: Encounters, Notions and Comparative Perspectives (Dynamics in the History of Religions 1), Leiden: Brill 2011.
Adele Reinhartz: Caiaphas

Viewing Caiaphas as more than just a one-dimensional villain, Adele Reinhartz offers a thorough reconsideration of representations of Caiaphas in the Gospels and other ancient texts as well as in subsequent visual arts, literature, film, and drama. The portrait that emerges challenges long-held beliefs about this New Testament figure by examining the background of the high priesthood and exploring the relationships among the high priest, the Roman leadership, and the Jewish population. Reinhartz does not seek to exonerate Caiaphas from culpability in the Crucifixion, but she does expand our understanding of Caiaphas's complex religious and political roles in biblical literature and his culturally loaded depictions in ongoing Jewish-Christian dialogue.
Adele Reinhartz, Caiaphas. The High Priest, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press 2011.
Volkhard Krech, Wo bleibt die Religion?

Has the importance of religion decreased in modern societies? Or is it experiencing an renaissance? In this monograph Volkhard Krech tackles this question which is controversially discussed in the humanities and the social sciences, but also in the general public.
The study combines theoretical considerations with case studies, and covers a wide range of topics relevant to the study of religion today. Starting out with a review on the most important sociological theories of religion Krech identifies four paradigms of research. Especially the religion as communication is covered in details in a separate chapter. Chapter on the processes of institutionalization of organized religions and on the transformation and diffusion of religion follow. On the whole Krech positions himself beyond the dichotomies of conformity vs. diffusion and secularisation vs. the return of religion and focuses on the ambivalence of religion.
Volkhard Krech, Wo bleibt die Religion? Zur Ambivalenz des Religiösen in der modernen Gesellschaft, Bielefeld: transcript 2011.
Thomas Hauschild: Power and Magic in Italy

Based on vivid and colorful case studies about Mafiosi, priests, mothers, and migrants, the author offers new perspectives on the anthropology of religion and magic through categories of landscape, the body, human practice, and material experience. The focus on women as religious practitioners is linked to the idea of religion as a primary mode of production that creates and helps to maintain human reserves in a fast changing, male-dominated world. It is through this mechanism that the Catholic Church, the oldest existing bureaucratic agency of globalization, has maintained its power. Exploring aspects of spirit experiences, trance, the cult of saints, official ecclesiastical cults, and especially witchcraft, this book reveals the explosive, sometimes violent creativity of religion, its relation to magic, and its multi-facetted social value for humans as reflected in the religiously based, pragmatic realism of everyday life in the Mediterranean.
Thomas Hauschild, Power and Magic in Italy, trans. by Jeremy Gaines (EASA Series 13), Oxford: Berghahn Books 2011.
Svevo D’Onofrio and Fabrizio Speziale (eds.): Muḥammad Dārā Šikōh, La congiunzione dei due oceani (The Confluence of the Two Oceans)
It is a well-known fact that Indian thought burst on the European philosophical scene following the enthusiasm aroused in Schopenhauer by the first Western translation of the Upaniṣads, published by Anquetil-Duperron at the turn of the 19th century. What is less known is that Anquetil-Duperron had based his Latin rendering on a former Persian translation, completed in 1657 and sponsored by the Mughal prince Muḥammad Dārā Šikōh (1615-1659). The Muslim dynasty of the Mughals, who ruled over much of India from 1526, had already shown remarkable interest and open-mindedness towards Indian knowledge, particularly during the reign of emperor Akbar, but his great-grandson Dārā Šikōh pushed himself even further. A member of the Sufi order of the Qādiriyya and a follower of the doctrines of the great Muslim mystic Ibn ‘Arabī, Dārā Šikōh, through his daily association with Hindu yogis and pundits, reached the conclusion that «there is no difference whatsoever, except verbal, in their way of understanding and realizing the Truth» with respect to the Sufis. In support of his view, in 1655 he wrote The Confluence of the Two Oceans, where he tries to show the close correspondence between the concepts and principles of the Hindu and Muslim spiritual traditions. It was a bold and dangerous stance: a few years later, when his brother Aurangzeb seized the throne and put an end to the long tradition of religious tolerance of the Mughal emperors, the enlightened syncretism of this book cost Dārā Šikōh his head.
This Italian translation of Dārā Šikōh’s treatise – based on a new critical edition of the text – dramatically improves on the existing translations in Western languages, also owing to the comparison of the original Persian text with its Sanskrit rendering. It is further enriched by a long introduction where the editors sketch the fascinating history of the intense cultural exchanges between the Hindu and Muslim worlds.
S. D’Onofrio and F. Speziale (eds.), Muḥammad Dārā Šikōh, La congiunzione dei due oceani (Piccola Biblioteca 610), Mailand: Adelphi Edizioni 2011.
Barry Dov Walfish with Mikhail Kizilov: Bibliographia Karaitica

This is the first comprehensive bibliography on the Karaites and Karaism. Including over 8000 items in twenty languages, this bibliography, with its extensive annotations, thoroughly documents the present state of Karaite Studies and provides a solid foundation for future research. Special attention has been given to the organizational structure of the bibliography. A detailed table of contents and a complete set of indices enable the reader to easily navigate through the material. Translations of items from non-Western languages increase the bibliography’s utility for the English-speaking reader. Especially noteworthy are the listings of obscure eastern European publications and the analysis of many periodical publications which enable unprecedented access to this material. It is an essential reference tool for Karaite and Jewish Studies.
Barry Dov Walfish with Mikhail Kizilov, Bibliographia Karaitica. An Annotated Bibliography of Karaites and Karaism. Karaite Texts and Studies Vol. 2(Études sur le Judaïsme Médiéval 43), Brill: Leiden 2010.
Jason Neelis: Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks

This exploration of the early paths for Buddhist transmission within and beyond South Asia retraces the footsteps of monks, merchants, and other agents of cross-cultural exchange. A reassessment of literary, epigraphic, and archaeological sources reveals historical contexts for the growth of the Buddhist saṅgha from approximately the 5th century BCE to the end of the first millennium CE. Patterns of dynamic Buddhist mobility were closely linked to transregional trade networks extending to the northwestern borderlands and joined to Central Asian silk routes by capillary routes through transit zones in the upper Indus and Tarim Basin. By examining material conditions for Buddhist establishments at nodes along these routes, this book challenges models of gradual diffusion and develops alternative explanations for successful Buddhist movement.
Jason Neelis, Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia(Dynamics in the History of Religions 2), Leiden: Brill 2010.
Al Makin: Representing the Enemy

This work claims that Musaylima served as a prophet for his own people in Yamama in more or less the same way as the Prophet Muḥammad in Mecca and Medina. However, unlike Islam, Musaylima’s religious movement did not survive. Here, a complete story of Musaylima – his claim of prophethood, qur’ān (reading), religious activities, followers, opponents, and defeat – is reconstructed. A critical reading of the sources that contain the accounts of Musaylima is performed. Additionally, this study reveals that the remaining fragments of Musaylima’s qur’ān bear substantial similarities to the early Meccan verses of the Qur’ān – in terms of diction, style, and pattern. To formulate the findings of this study, there was more than one prophet in the sixth-seventh century of the Arabian peninsula, as Umayya b. Abi Ṣalt, Abū „Āmir, Tulayḥa, Sajaḥ, Aswad, and Musaylima claimed prophethood. There was more than one qur’ān, as Musaylima also revealed his own qur’ān. It is possible that other prophets also did so. There was more than one mosque (masjid), since the followers of Abū ‘Āmir established their own, as did those of Abū Qays. So did the followers of Musaylima. There was more than one Abrahamicḥanif monotheistic movement in the Ḥijaz and around the region, as some figures assumed the same mission.
Al Makin, Representing the Enemy: Musaylima in Muslim Literature, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang 2010.
Volker Rabens, The Holy Spirit and Ethics in Paul

This study looks at the relationship of Spirit and ethics in Paul and his religious context. In the first part of the book, the author discusses the thesis established by the Religionsgeschichtliche Schule and by modern interpretations of Paul against the background of Stoicism that the Spirit is a material substance which transforms people ontologically by virtue of its physical nature. In order to assess this approach, the author examines all the passages from the Hebrew Bible, early Judaism, Hellenism and Paul that have been put forward in support of this concept of ethical enabling. He concludes that the alleged material nature of the Spirit was neither part of the early Jewish nor of the Pauline notion of the Spirit. Furthermore, none of these nor the Stoic writings themselves show that ethical living derives from the transformation of the "substance" of the person imbued with a physical Spirit. Accordingly, one can neither attest an inclusion of (nor a demarcation from) Stoic views in Pauline literature in this regard.
The second part of the study offers a fresh approach to the ethical work of the Spirit which is based on a relational concept of Paul's theology. Rabens argues that it is primarily through a deeper knowledge of, and an intimate relationship with God, Jesus Christ and the community of faith that people are transformed and empowered by the Spirit for a religious and ethical life. The author establishes this thesis on the basis of an exegetical study of a variety of passages from the Pauline corpus. In addition, he demonstrates that Paul lived in a context in which this dynamic of ethical empowering was part of the religious framework of various Jewish groups.
Volker Rabens, The Holy Spirit and Ethics in Paul.Transformation and Empowering for Religious-Ethical Life (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament II/283), Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2010.
Görge K. Hasselhoff (Hrsg.), Die Entdeckung des Christentums in der Wissenschaft des Judentums

This collective volume explores an aspect of the “science of Judaism” which has received little attention up until now. In common use, this term is almost exclusively associated with the scholarly analysis of Judaism. In contrast, the authors of this volume illuminate the different encounters of Jewish scholars with Christianity and the impact of these encounters on the establishment of their Judaism.
Görge K. Hasselhoff (Hrsg.), Die Entdeckung des Christentums in der Wissenschaft des Judentums, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2010.
Joachim J.M.S. Yeshaya: Medieval Hebrew Poetry in Muslim Egypt

Moses ben Abraham Darʿī, born in Alexandria into a family of Moroccan Jewish immigrants, lived in Egypt in the middle of the twelfth century. Though he visited Damascus and Jerusalem, he spent most of his professional life as a physician and poet in the Karaite community of Fusṭāṭ-Cairo. This study offers an annotated edition of secular poems taken from the earliest manuscript, NLR Evr. I 802, dated to the fifteenth century. The Hebrew text and Judaeo-Arabic heading of each poem are provided in the original order attested in the manuscript. The introduction to this edition seeks to evaluate Darʿī’s poetry in the light of the Andalusian-Hebrew poetical tradition and within the context of Hebrew literary activity in the Muslim East.
Joachim J.M.S. Yeshaya, Medieval Hebrew Poetry in Muslim Egypt. The Secular Poetry of the Karaite Poet Moses ben Abraham Darʿī. Karaite Texts and Studies Vol. 3 (Études sur le Judaïsme Médiéval 44), Leiden: Brill 2011.
Hans Martin Krämer, Jenny Oesterle, Ulrike Vordermark (eds.): Labeling the Religious Self and Others

Can we trace the formation of a general concept of religion to a specific historical point of departure? The authors of the volume “Labeling the Religious Self and Others” hold that it was the contact between one’s own and other religions that initiated the process of the formation of a more abstract religious terminology. This argument is based on the premise that a specific relationship exists between a generic term for several religions (in the plural) and an abstract concept of religion (in the singular). Another premise is that the process described above can be identified outside of Europe as well, for terms and concepts used to refer to one’s own teaching and that of others, such as “law”, “way”, etc. The essays collected in this volume, which cover Europe, the Islamic world, and East Asia, show that semantics are not only indicative of perceptions and attitudes towards religious self and Other, but that they are also a key to explaining social behavior in situations of religious contact.
Hans Martin Krämer, Jenny Oesterle, Ulrike Vordermark (eds.), Labeling the Religious Self and Others: Reciprocal Perceptions of Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, and Confucians in Medieval and Early Modern Times (Comparativ. Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, Jahrgang 20, Heft 4), Leipzig: Leipziger Universitäts-Verlag 2010.
Dieter Adelmann, „Reinige dein Denken“

In dem vorliegenden Band geht es – gegen eine von Franz Rosenzweig vorgebrachte These – um den Nachweis, dass bereits vor den Kantschriften Hermann Cohens Aspekte der Religionsphilosophie standen, die aus der Ausbildung am Jüdisch-Theologischen Seminar in Breslau und dem anschließenden Studium bei H. Steinthal herrührten. Diese blieben eine Konstante in Cohens Philosophie, die sowohl im Antisemitismusstreit von 1879/80 als auch in den religionsphilosophischen und religiösen Vorträgen in jüdischen Vereinen, die ab 1898 belegt sind, als auch im Engagement in der verfassten „Wissenschaft des Judentums“ ab 1902 nachweisbar sind. Eine zweite Konstante waren die synagogalen Musiktraditionen für die Ausformung der Philosophie. Der Autor Dieter Adelmann (1936-2008) hat als Mitarbeiter an der Werkausgabe einen Großteil seines Lebens der Erforschung des Werks von Hermann Cohen gewidmet. Er war u.a. Landesgeschäftsführer der SPD in Baden-Württemberg, Redakteur beim „Vorwärts“ sowie freier Publizist. Der Herausgeber Görge K. Hasselhoff, z.Z. Research Fellow am IKGF „Dynamiken der Religionsgeschichte zwischen Asien und Europa“ (Ruhr-Universität Bochum).
Dieter Adelmann, „Reinige dein Denken“: Über den jüdischen Hintergrund der Philosopie von Hermann Cohen. Aus dem Nachlass herausgegeben, ergänzt und mit einem einleitenden Vorwort versehen von Görge K. Hasselhoff, Würzburg: Könighausen & Neumann 2010.
Hans Martin Krämer (ed.): Defining Religion, Defining Heresy in Modern East Asia

Throughout the nineteenth century, colonialist and imperialist expansion of the European and North American powers went along with the potential to shatter worldviews and radically alter existing epistemic frameworks, taxonomies, and semantic networks. Thus, within a matter of decades, a longstanding taxonomical epistemology surrounding religious phenomena in East Asia gave way to one heavily influenced by Western traditions of thought – if not entirely identical to them. On the surface, this change is best visible in the formation and subsequent deployment of a new term for “religion”. Yet recognizing a category so far unperceived and creating a word for it was no idle intellectual exercise: Rather, the reconfiguration of perceptions had tremendous repercussions for religious groups themselves, for politics, and for society at large.
The authors of the essays collected in this volume investigate this change in the fields of religious policy, inner-religious doctrinal debates, and the budding discipline of religious studies in East Asia. They do so by considering not just the new category of “religion”, but also that which is excluded from it, such as “superstition”. Similar dichotomies had been prevalent in East Asia during the premodern era (such as that between “orthodoxy” and “heterodox”), which points to a second binary axis that informs the essays in this volume, namely that between premodern and modern.
Hans Martin Krämer (ed.), Defining Religion, Defining Heresy in Modern East Asia (Bochumer Jahrbuch zur Ostasienforschung 33), München: Iudicium 2009.
Reinhold Glei (ed.): Schriften zum Islam von Arethas und Euthymios Zigabenos und Fragmente der griechischen Koranübersetzung

Der Band vereinigt drei wichtige Texte aus der Geschichte der byzantinischen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Islam: Der erste Text ist der Brief, den der Theologe Arethas, seit dem Jahr 902 Erzbischof von Caesarea in Kappadokien, etwa im Jahr 921 im Auftrag des byzantinischen Kaisers Romanos an den Emir von Damaskus schrieb. Er antwortet auf ein Schreiben des Emirs, in dem die Verfehltheit der christlichen Lehre und die Überlegenheit des Islams in mehreren Punkten dargelegt wurden. Schreiben mit solchem Inhalt wurden, oft verbunden mit der Aufforderung, den Islam anzunehmen, an nicht-muslimische Herrscher geschickt, bevor man mit Kriegshandlungen begann. Im Gegenzug verteidigt Arethas in seinem Brief die christlichen Dogmen und kritisiert Lehren des Islams im ironischen Ton (vermeintlicher) kultureller Überlegenheit.
In einer ganz anderen historischen Situation, als Kleinasien teils in der Gewalt muslimischer Machthaber, teils ein ständiger Kampfplatz war, was einen echten Dialog zwischen den Religionen erschwerte, verfasste der Mönch Euthymios Zigabenos, ebenfalls im Auftrag des byzantinischen Kaisers (Alexios), um das Jahr 1110 eine Sammlung von theologischen Argumenten gegen alle Arten von Ungläubigen und nannte sie etwas martialisch "Dogmatische Rüstkammer". Hier werden im 28. Kapitel auch die "Sarrazenen" (d.h. Muslime) und zahlreiche Lehren des Islams angegriffen, die freilich oftmals verzerrt wiedergegeben werden. Euthymios war nicht originell, sondern sammelte fleißig die Argumente seiner Vorgänger, um sie zu einem schlagkräftigen "Waffenarsenal" zusammenzustellen.
Ob es überhaupt eine byzantinische Koranübersetzung gegeben hat, war in der Forschung lange umstritten, bis es 1981 von Erich Trapp überzeugend nachgewiesen wurde. Die Fragmente dieser Übersetzung sind hier erstmals gesammelt herausgegeben und erklärt worden. Man erkennt deutlich, dass viele bei späteren Autoren wiederkehrende Vorwürfe gegen den Islam auch auf Missverständnissen und Fehlleistungen dieser Übersetzung beruhen. Trotzdem kann diese Übersetzung als ein Meilenstein im Dialog der Religionen gelten, da sie vielfach eine erste Auseinandersetzung mit dem Islam überhaupt erst ermöglicht hat.
Die Texte wurden ediert, übersetzt und kommentiert von Dr. Karl Förstel, früher Studiendirektor i.H. am Seminar für Klassische Philologie der RUB. Förstel hat schon mehrere griechische Schriften zum Islam herausgegeben, unter anderem die Dialoge Manuels, aus denen Papst Benedikt XVI. in seiner berühmt-berüchtigten Regensburger Rede zitierte.
Reinhold Glei (ed.), Schriften zum Islam von Arethas und Euthymios Zigabenos und Fragmente der griechischen Koranübersetzung. Griechisch-deutsche Textausgabe von Karl Förstel (Corpus Islamo-Christianum. Series Graeca 7), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag 2009.
Görge K. Hasselhoff: Moses Maimonides interkulturell gelesen

Unter den mittelalterlichen jüdischen Gelehrten ragt Moses Maimonides (ca. 1138-1204) als eine der wichtigsten Gestalten heraus. Sein Werk umfaßt sowohl religionsgesetzliche (halachische) als auch philosophisch-enzyklopädische, bibelhermeneutische und medizinische Schriften, am bekanntesten sein halachischer Codex ºMischne Tora ¹ und sein philosophisches Werk ºFührer der Unschlüssigen ¹. Die Werke entstanden in unterschiedlichen Kontexten seit den frühen 1160er Jahren. Der biografische Zusammenhang ihrer Entstehung und ihrer diversen Übertragungen in Sprachen verschiedener Kulturen seit dem ausgehenden 12. Jahrhundert wird in dem vorliegenden Band nachgezeichnet und ausgewählte Aspekte des Denkens (im Blick auf Religionskontakte, Ethik und Lebensführung, sowie systematische Aspekte wie die Gotteslehre) werden interpretiert.
Görge K. Hasselhoff, Moses Maimonides interkulturell gelesen (Interkulturelle Bibliothek 20), Nordhausen: Bautz 2009.
Reinhold F. Glei: Ciceros verlorene Götterlehre: Das vierte Buch De natura deorum.

Ciceros Dialog De natura deorum endet mit dem dritten Buch in der Aporie: Die epikureische und die stoische Position sind skeptizistisch demontiert, aber was der Autor selbst über die Religion denkt, erfahren wir nicht. Zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts - wenige Jahre vor der Wiederauffindung von De re publica - entdeckte ein Franziskanerpater namens Seraphinus in einer alten Handschrift das vermisste vierte Buch; seine Publikation geriet jedoch, anders als der Palimpsest von Angelo Mai, in Vergessenheit. Mit dem Fund ist aber endlich das Rätsel der verlorenen Götterlehre Ciceros gelöst, und wir können lesen, dass der skeptische Philosoph in Wahrheit die Lehre von einer universalen Urreligion vertrat, die einem sensus internus, einem inneren Gefühl der Religiosität entstammt. Damit greift Cicero merkwürdigerweise ein Thema auf, das in der religionsphilosophischen Diskussion an der Wende vom 18. zum 19. Jahrhundert heftig umstritten war (Fichte und Kant vs. Schleiermacher u.a.). Noch merkwürdiger ist, dass die kultischen Details der Urreligion in vielerlei Hinsicht römisch-katholisch anmuten: So behauptet Cicero beispielsweise den Vorrang der Tradition vor der Offenbarung und sogar die Unfehlbarkeit des römischen Pontifex Maximus in rebus fidei et morum.
Natürlich ist das Werk eine Fälschung - eine Mischung aus gelehrter Spielerei, religionsphilosophischem Diskurs und konfessionspolitischer Satire. Der Verfasser ist ein protestantischer Pfarrer und Schulmann, ein gewisser D. Hermann Heimart Cludius (1754-1835), Superintendent in Hildesheim. Er fingierte dieses Werk mit einem erstaunlichen Gespür für die Dialogtechnik und den Stil Ciceros, setzte aber auch deutliche Ironiesignale, so dass man das vierte Buch leicht als Fiktion erkennen konnte. Es ist ein bemerkenswertes Dokument sowohl philologischer Raffinesse als auch zeitgenössischer philosophischer und konfessioneller Diskussionen, das der Vergessenheit entrissen zu werden verdient.
Die vorliegende Ausgabe geht in einer ausführlichen Einleitung u.a. der Rezeption des Werkes nach, bietet eine kritische Edition mit einer (erstmaligen) Übersetzung ins Deutsche und gibt umfassende Erläuterungen zu allen Sachfragen, die der Text aufwirft.
Reinhold F. Glei, Ciceros verlorene Götterlehre: Das vierte Buch De natura deorum, Einleitung, Edition, Übersetzung mit Erläuterungen (Bochumer Altertumswissenschaftliches Colloquium 76), Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag 2008.
Lucian Hölscher (ed.): Das Jenseits. Facetten eines religiösen Begriffs in der Neuzeit

Wie haben sich Vorstellungen vom Jenseits während der Neuzeit verändert? Was haben diejenigen, die nicht an ein Leben nach dem Tod glauben, dazu beigetragen?
Das Jenseits gehört, obwohl vielfach abgelehnt, zu den wichtigsten religiösen Konzepten der Neuzeit. An seiner facettenreichen Ausformulierung haben, mehr noch als die Gläubigen selbst, religionskritische Stimmen entscheidenden Anteil. Ohne Zustimmung oder Ablehnung des Glaubens an ein Jenseits kommt neuzeitliche Religiosität nicht aus.
Lucian Hölscher (ed.), Das Jenseits. Facetten eines religiösen Begriffs in der Neuzeit, Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag 2007.
Christian Frevel, Henner von Hesberg (eds.): Kult und Kommunikation. Medien in den Heiligtümern der Antike

This volume presents an idea of the complexity of the context and layers of communication votive offers were involved in during ancient times. It becomes apparent, that their specific communicative quality formed an integral and indispensable part of ancient
sanctuaries.
At least the pagan ancient world has to be classified as a world, in which the communion between gods and human in the sanctuaries was mediated in a specific medial manner. In this context there are a multitude of communicative devices, and situations imaginable. Without laying claim to totality it is possible to distinguish between four main spheres of communication at and in sanctuaries. First there is the sphere of direct spoken communication in petitions, rituals, oracles but also as part of the communication with other participants of the ritual act. Besides there is the documented linguistic-textual communication for example in preserved texts and archives. As a third sphere there is mediated communication as part of the ritual practice, e.g. in processions, or a votive or consecrative offering. Finally there is the domain of symbolically represented communication which is a strong factor in the media presence of a sanctuary. This sphere includes, among many others, architecture, equipment, cult statues, inscriptions, ornaments and music.
Disregarding any distinction between technical an non-technical means of communication, i.e. understanding the term medium as a synonym for the carrier or mediator of some form of communication gives rise to the attempt to view sanctuaries as part of the media history of antiquity. By not limiting the term medium to the technical or material aspects of information transfer but rather applying it to the ancient symbol systems and their communication it is far more than a mere modernism. Therefore the focus of this volume lies on the connection between cult and mediality resp. the different types of communication at,
inside of and about sanctuaries. The articles of the first part point out in various ways that sacred places are more than locations where ritual acts are performed and the divine is represented. Instead they understand sanctuaries as complex systems of communication where theological, political, economical and other messages are conveyed through linguistic or graphical media.
The articles in the second part are based on the common assumption, that votive offerings form a very distinct example of communication in sanctuaries because they have two addressees, namely the deity and the other visitors of the sanctuary. The articles shed light on different aspects of the votive culture of classical antiquity and cover a wide chronological and geographical spectrum encompassing the entire Mediterranian and up to late Antiquity. The common question addressed in these articles is that of the communicative value of votive offerings.
Christian Frevel, Henner von Hesberg (eds.), Kult und Kommunikation. Medien in den Heiligtümern der Antike (ZAKMIRA Schriften 4), Köln: Reichert 2007.
Markus Hero, Volkhard Krech, Helmut Zander (eds.): Religiöse Vielfalt in Nordrhein-Westfalen

Die Untersuchung leistet einen empirisch fundierten Beitrag zur aktuellen Debatte über das Phänomen der religiösen Pluralisierung. Am Beispiel Nordrhein-Westfalens, dem migrationsstärksten Bundesland, wird erstmals eine Gesamtschau des religiösen Feldes einer größeren Region vorgelegt. In nahezu 9.000 Datensätzen wurden sämtliche Gemeinden oder Ortsgruppen aller in Nordrhein- Westfalen vertretenen religiösen Strömungen ermittelt. Neben der statistischen und kartographischen Aufbereitung religiöser Vielfalt stehen ihre gesellschaftlichen und politischen Kontexte im Vordergrund.
Anhand von Fallstudien zu ausgewählten Segmenten des religiösen Feldes werden die vielfältigen und teilweise gegenläufigen Entwicklungen religiöser Pluralisierung thematisiert. Fragen der Integration, der Identität und der Anerkennung kommen ebenso in den Blick wie die Themen Segregation, Konflikt und Wettbewerb.
Markus Hero, Volkhard Krech, Helmut Zander (eds.), Religiöse Vielfalt in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Empirische Befunde und Perspektiven der Globalisierung vor Ort, Paderborn: Schöningh Verlag 2007.
Manfred Bauschulte: Religionsbahnhöfe der Weimarer Republik

Im Marburger diagonal-Verlag ist als Ergebnis des Projekts "Religionsforschung von 1918-1933" das Buch "Religionsbahnhöfe der Weimarer Republik" erschienen. Es untersucht Analysen zur religiösen Lage (von Siegfried Kracauer, Paul Tillich und Eugen Rosenstock), religiöse Gruppen- und Kreisbildungen (den Kreatur-, Kairos- und Eranos-Kreis) sowie repräsentative Paradigmen (Religion und Macht, Gnosisforschung und Psychoanalyse) der Weimarer Zeit. Die starke Ambivalenz des Verhältnisses von Religion und Moderne, die in der Religionsforschung zum Ausdruck kommt, führen die Studien zu dem Schluss, dass es sich dabei einerseits um die gesteigerten Erwartungen nach religiöser Erneuerung und die Hoffnungen auf einen revolutionären Umbruch nach dem 1. Weltkrieg handelt, dass aber andererseits damit auch seit Ende der 20er Jahre die Vorwegnahme der NS-Herrschaft virulent wird. Das Denkbild der "Religionsbahnhöfe" von Walter Benjamin charakterisiert emblematisch diese vieldeutigen Situationen des Wartens sowohl mit ihren religiösen und säkular-politischen als auch ihren inneren Ambivalenzen.

